Home      Architecture     Research      Resources 

 

Bibliography

This bibliography is intended to support those investigating the nature of space and its application to the design of cyberspaces. The topics may range from psychology and anthropology to networked computing and the Internet. We'd be grateful for any titles that you may suggest.



Albert, M. K., and D. D. Hoffman.1995. “Genericity in spatial vision,” in Geometric representations of perceptual phenomena. Papers in honor of Taro Indo on his 70th birthday. Mawah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp.95-111.


Altman, Irwin. 1981. The environment and social behavior. New York: Irvington Publishers Inc.

Anders, Peter. 1997. “Cybrids: Integrating cognitive and physical space in architecture,” in Representation and design. Jordan, P., B. Mehnert, and A. Harfmann, eds. Proceedings of ACADIA 1997 Conference, Cleveland, Ohio. pp.17-34.

Anders, Peter. 1999. Envisioning Cyberspace. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Anders, Peter. 1996. “Envisioning cyberspace: The design of on-line communities,” in Design computation: Collaboration, reasoning, pedagogy. McIntosh, P. and F, Ozel, eds. Proceedings of ACADIA 1996 Conference, Tucson, Arizona. pp.55-67.

Ardrey, R. 1966. The territorial imperative. New York: Atheneum.
Arnheim, Rudolph. 1974. Art and visual perception: A psychology of the creative eye. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.

Astheimer, P., and C. Knöpfle. 1996. “3D morphing and its application to virtual reality,” in Virtual environments and scientific visualization ‘96: Proceedings of Eurographics workshops in Prague, Czech Republic, 1996, and Monte Carlo, 1996. M. Göbel, ed. Vienna: Springer Verlag. pp.85-93.


Aumont, Jacques, 1994. “The image,” in Geometric representations of perceptual phenomena. Papers in honor of Taro Indo on his 70th birthday. Mawah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 20-33.

Badler, Norman I., Carey B. Phillips, and Bonnie L. Weber. 1993. Simulating humans: Computer graphics, animation and control. New York: Oxford University Press.

Balageur, J. F., and E. Gobetti. 1993. “Virtual Reality Builder II: On the topic of 3D interaction,” in Virtual worlds and multimedia. Magnenat Thalmann, N. and D. Thalmann, eds. New York: Wiley Press. pp. 99-110.

Barry, Ann Marie Seward. 1997. Visual intelligence: Perception, image and manipulation in visual communication. Albany, N. Y.: State University Press of New York.

Bellman, Kirstie. 1997. “Playing in the MUD: Turning virtual reality into real education and training,” in Virtual reality, training’s future?: Perspectives on virtual reality and related technologies. Seidel, Robert J., and Paul R. Chatelier, eds. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 9-17.

Benedikt, Michael. 1994. Cyberspace: First Steps. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Berger, John. 1973. Ways of seeing. London: British Broadcasting Corporation.

Bettelheim, Bruno. 1977. The uses of enchantment: The meaning and importance of fairy tales. New York: Vintage Books.

Bødker, Sussane. 1990. A human activity approach to user interface design. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Breiteneder, C. J., S. J. Gibbs, and C. Arapis. 1996. “TELEPORT: An augmented reality teleconferencing environment,” in Virtual environments and scientific visualization ‘95. Proceedings of Eurographics workshops in Prague, Czech Republic, 1996, and Monte Carlo, 1996. M. Göbel, ed. Vienna: Springer Verlag. pp. 41-49.


Broughton, John. 1989. “Machine dreams: Computers in the fantasies of young adults,” in The individual, communication and society: Essays in memory of Gregory Bateson. Rieber, R., ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bruckman, Amy, and Mitchel Resnick. 1995. “The MediaMOO project: Constructionism and professional community.” Convergence 1(1).

Burdea, Grigore C. 1996. Force and touch feedback for virtual reality. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Buxton, W. 1994. “Human skills in interface design,” in Interacting with virtual environments. McDonald, L., and J. Vince, eds. New York: Wiley Press. pp. 1-11.

Buxton, W. 1990. “The ‘natural’ language of interaction: A perspective on nonverbal dialogs,” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel, B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Casti, John L., 1997. Would-be worlds: How simulation is changing the frontiers of science. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Cirlot, J. E., 1995. A dictionary of symbols. New York: Barnes and Noble Books.

Clark, Herbert H., and Susan Brennan. 1990. “Grounding in communication,” in Socially shared cognition.

Resnick, L.B., J. Levine, and S.D. Behrend, eds. American Psychological Association.

Cooper, L.A. 1975. “Mental rotation of random two-dimensional shapes.” Cognitive Psychology, 7, pp. 20-43.

Crompton Smith, Gillian. 1994. ‘The art of interaction,” in Interacting with virtual environments. McDonald, L., and J. Vince, eds. New York: Wiley Press. pp. 75-78.

Curtis, Pavel. 1992. “MUDding: Social phenomena in text-based virtual realities,” in proceedings of 1992 Conference on Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing. Berkeley, Calif., May 1992. XeroxParc technical report CSL-92-4. Available by anonymous ftp: parcftp.parc.xerox.com in directory /pub/MOO/papers/ in files DIA92.

Curtis, Pavel, and David Nichols. 1993. “MUDs grow up: Social virtual reality in the real world” (Austin, TX) 1993. Available by anonymous ftp: parcftp.parc.xerox.com in directory /pub/MOO/papers/ in file MUDsGrowUp.

Cutt, Paul. 1991. “The sense of touch in virtual reality,” in Beyond the vision: The technology, research and business of virtual reality. Proceedings of virtual reality 1991 the second annual conference on virtual reality, artificial reality and cyberspace. September 23-25, 1991. Westport Conn.: Meckler Media. pp.43-44.

Davis, Martha. 1982, Interaction rhythms. New York: Human Science Press.

Davison, A., P. Otto, and D. Lan-Kee. 1994. “Visual programming,” in Interacting with virtual environments. McDonald, L., and J. Vince, eds. New York: Wiley Press. pp. 27-42.


Dery, Mark. 1996. Escape velocity: Cyberculture at the end of the century. New York: Grove Press.

Dowding, Timothy. 1991. “A self-contained interactive skill trainer,” in Beyond the vision: The technology, research and business of virtual reality. Proceedings of virtual reality 1991 the second annual conference on virtual reality, artificial reality and cyberspace. September 23-25, 1991. Westport, Conn.: Meckler Media. pp. 44-50.

Downes-Martin, S., M. Long, and J. Alexander. 1992. “Virtual reality as a tool for cross-cultural communication: An example from military team training,” in Visual data interpretation. 10-11 Feb. 1992. San Jose, Calif./ Joanna R. Alexander, chair and director; sponsored by SPIE, The International Society for Optical Engineering, ISNT The Society for Imaging Science and Technology. Bellingham, Wash.: SPIE. pp. 28-38.

Fast, Julius. 1971. Body Language. New York: Pocket Books.

Fisher, Scott S. 1990. “Virtual interface environments,” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel, B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. pp. 423-438.

Gelernter, David. 1991. Mirror worlds: Or the day software puts the universe in a shoebox: how it will happen and what it will mean. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gentner, D., and M. Imai. 1992. “Is the future always ahead?: Evidence for system-mappings in understanding space-time metaphors,” in proceedings of 14th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, July 29-August 1, 1992. pp. 510-515.

Gibson, James J. 1982. Reasons for realism: Selected essays of James J. Gibson. Reed, E., and R. Jones, eds. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Goffman, Erving. 1967. Interaction ritual. Chicago: Aldine Publishing.

Goffman, Erving. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company.

Goldberg, David E. 1989. Genetic Algorithms: In search, optimization and machine learning. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.

Grandin, Temple. 1995. Thinking in pictures and other reports from my life with autism. New York: Vintage Books.

Grantham, Charles E. 1991. “Visual thinking in organizational analysis,” in Beyond the vision: The technology, research and business of virtual reality. Proceedings of virtual reality 1991 the second annual conference on virtual reality, artificial reality and cyberspace. September 23-25, 1991 Westport Conn.: Meckler Media. pp. 70-76.

Hall, Edward T. 1966. The hidden dimension. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company.

Hall, Edward T. 1959. The silent language. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company.

Harris, Paul. 1977. “The child's representation of space,” in The child's representation of reality. Butterworth, G., ed. New York: Plenum Press.

Hart, John. 1993. On recording virtual environments,” in IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 1993. Proceedings of the IEEE 1993 Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality, San Jose, Calif. October 23-26, 1993. Sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Computer Graphics in cooperation with ACM and SIGGRAPH. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Society Press. pp. 80-84. 

Hayles, N. Katherine. 1996. “Boundary disputes: Homeostasis, reflexivity and foundations of cybernetics,” in Virtual realities and their discontents. Markley, Robert, ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 11-38.

Heim, Michael. 1995. “The design of virtual reality,” in Cyberspace, cyberbodies, cyberpunk: Cultures of technological embodiment. Featherstone, Michael, and Roger Burrows, eds. London: Sage Publications. pp. 65-78.

Heim, Michael. 1993. The metaphysics of virtual reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Heinze, H. J., S. Luck, T. Münte, A. Gös, and S. Hillyard. 1994. “Attention to adjacent and separate positions in space: An electrophysiological analysis,” in Perception and Psychophysics 1994, 56(1). pp. 42-52.

Henley, Nancy. 1997. Body politics: Power, sex and non-verbal communication. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.

Hilts, Philip J. 1995. Memory’s ghost: The strange tale of Mr. M. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Holland, John. 1995. Hidden order: How adaptation builds complexity. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.

Johnson-Laird, P.N. 1981. “Mental models in cognitive science,” in Perspectives on cognitive science. Norman, D. A., ed. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Kay, Alan. 1990. “User interface: A personal view,” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel, B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. pp.191-208.

Kay, Alan. 1984. “Computer software,” in Scientific American, September, 52-59.

Koriat, Asher. 1994. “Object-based apparent motion,” in Perception and Psychophysics. 1994, 56(5), pp. 392-404.

Krueger, M. W. 1991. Artificial reality. 2d ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Krueger, M. W. 1990. “Videoplace and the interface of the future,” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel, B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Kurtenbach, G., and Eric A. Hulteen. 1990. “Gestures in human-computer communication,” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel, B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Kwok, Man-Ho, and Joanne O’Brian. 1991. The elements of feng shui. New York: Barnes and Noble Books.

Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1981. “The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system,” in Perspectives on cognitive science. Norman, D. A., ed. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Landsberg, Alison. 1995. “Prosthetic memory: Total Recall and Blade Runner,” in Cyberspace, cyberbodies, cyberpunk: Cultures of technological embodiment. Featherstone, Michael, and Roger Burrows, eds. London: Sage Publications. pp. 175-189.

Lansdown, John. 1994. “Visualizing design ideas,” in Interacting with virtual environments. McDonald, L., and J. Vince, eds. New York: Wiley Press. pp. 61-74. 

Laurel, Brenda. 1991. Computers as theater. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Laurel, Brenda. 1990. “Interface agents: Metaphors with character.” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel, B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Laurel, Brenda. 1986. “Interface as mimesis,” in User centered system design. Norman, D. A., and S. W. Draper, eds. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 67-85. 

Laurendeau, Monique, and Adrien Pinard. 1970. The development of the concept of space in the child. New York: International Universities Press.

Long, M., J. Alexander, S. Downes-Martin, J. Morrison, W. Katz, and E. Short. 1992. “Virtual environment debriefing room for naval fighter pilots: Phase I,” in Visual data interpretation, 10-11 Feb. 1992, San Jose, Calif./ Joanna R. Alexander, chair and director; sponsored by SPIE, The International Society for Optical Engineering, ISNT The Society for Imaging Science and Technology. Bellingham, Wash.: SPIE. pp.49-60.

Loomis, J. 1993. “Understanding synthetic experience must begin with the analysis of ordinary perceptual experience,” in IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality. 1993. Proceedings of the IEEE 1993 Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality, San Jose, Calif. October 23-26, 1993. Sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Computer Graphics in cooperation with ACM Ind SIGGRAPH. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Society Press. pp. 54-58.

Luria, A.R. 1987. The mind of a mnemonist. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Lupton, Deborah. 1995. “The embodied computer/user,” in Cyberspace, cyberbodies, cyberpunk: Cultures of technological embodiment. Featherstone, Michael, and Roger Burrows, eds. London: Sage Publications. pp. 97-112.

MacLeod, D., I. A. Willen, J. Douglas. 1995. “Is there a visual space?” in Geometric representations of perceptual phenomena. Papers in honor of Taro Indo on his 70th birthday. Mawah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp.47-61.

Markley, Robert. 1996. “Boundaries: Mathematics, alienation and the metaphysics of cyberspace,” in Virtual realities and their discontents. Markley, Robert, ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 

Maunsell, John H.R. “The brain's visual world: Representation of visual targets in cerebral cortex,” in Science, 3 November, 1995. pp. 764-756.

McCluskey, James. 1991. “Educational applications of virtual reality: Medium or Myth?,” in Beyond the vision: The technology, research and business of virtual reality. Proceedings of Virtual reality 1991 the second annual conference on virtual reality, artificial reality and cyberspace. September 23-25, 1991. Westport Conn.: Meckler Media. pp. 148-153.

McLuhan, Marshall. 1964. Understanding media. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Millar, Susanna. 1994. Understanding and representing space: Theory and evidence from studies with blind and sighted children. New York: Oxford University Press.

Minsky, Marvin. 1981. “K-lines: A theory of memory,” in Perspectives on cognitive science. Norman, D. A., ed. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Mitchell, William. 1995. City of bits. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.

Mok, Clement. 1996. Designing business. San Jose, Calif.: Adobe Press.

Moravec, Hans. 1988. Mind children: The future of human intelligence. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Mozer, M. C., R. Zemel, and M. Behrmann. 1992. “Discovering and using perceptual grouping principles in visual information processing,” in proceedings of 14th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, July 29-August 1, 1992. pp. 283-288.

Naimark, Michael. 1990. “Realness and interactivity,” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel, B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. pp. 455-460.

Negroponte, Nicholas. 1990. “Hospital corners,” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel, B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. pp. 347-354.

Nelson, Theodor H., 1991. “How many D’s in reality?” in Beyond the vision: The technology, research and business of virtual reality. Proceedings of virtual reality 1991 the second annual conference on virtual reality, artificial reality and cyberspace. September 23-25, 1991. Westport Conn.: Meckler Media. pp. 154-174.

Nelson, Theodor H. 1990. “The right way to think about software design,” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel,.B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Newell, Allen. 1981. “Physical symbol systems,” in Perspectives on cognitive science. Norman, D. A., ed. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Newman, Oscar. 1973. Defensible space. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

Norman, Donald A. 1993. Things that make us smart. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Norman, Donald A. 1991. “Cognitive artifacts,” in Designing interaction: Psychology at the human-computer interface. Carroll, J. M., ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17-38.

Norman, Donald A. 1990. “Why interfaces don’t work,” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel. B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. pp. 209-220.

Norman, Donald A. 1988. The psychology of everyday things. New York: Basic Books.

Norman, Donald A. 1981. “Twelve issues for cognitive science,” in Perspectives on cognitive science. Norman, D. A., ed. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Norman, Donald A. 1981. “What is cognitive science?” in Perspectives on cognitive science. Norman, D. A., ed. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

O'Connor, N., and B. Hermelin. 1973. “The spatial or temporal organization of short term memory,” in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, pp. 335-343.

Owen, David. 1986. “Naive theories of computation,” in User centered system design: New perspectives on human-computer interaction. Norman, D. A., and S. Draper, eds. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Paivio, A. 1975. “Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye,” in Memory and Cognition, 3, pp 635-647.

Papert, Seymour. 1980. Mindstorms: children, computers and powerful ideas. New York: Basic Books.

Pausch, R., M. A. Shackleford, and D. Proffitt. 1993. “A user study comparing head-mounted and stationary displays,” in IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the IEEE 1993 Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality, San Jose, Calif. October 23-26, 1993. Sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Computer Graphics in cooperation with ACM and SIGGRAPH. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Society Press. 

Penn, A., N. Dalton, L. Decker, C. Mottram, and M. Nigri. 1997. “Intelligent architecture: Desktop VR for complex strategic design in architecture and planning,” in Virtual reality, training’s future?: Perspectives on virtual reality and related technologies. Seidel, Robert J., and Paul R. Chatelier, eds. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 121-132.

Penzias, Arno, 1989. Ideas and information. New York: Simon Schuster Inc. pp. 41-45.

Pérez-Goméz, Alberto. 1990. Architecture and the crisis of modern science. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Piaget, Jean. 1985. The equilibration of cognitive structures. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Piaget, Jean. 1980. Adaptation and intelligence: Organic selection and phenocopy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Piaget, Jean. 1960. The child's conception of physical causality. Paterson, NJ: Littlefield, Adams & Co.

Piaget, J., B. Inhelder, and A. Szeminska. 1960. The childs conception of geometry. New York: Basic Books.

Poster, Mark. 1995. “Postmodern virtualities,” in Cyberspace, cyberbodies, cyberpunk: Cultures of technological embodiment. Featherstone, Michael, and Roger Burrows, eds. London: Sage Publications. pp. 79-96.

Pylyshyn, Z.W. 1973. “What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain: A critique of mental imagery,” in Psychological Bulletin, 80, pp 1-24.

Rawlins, Gregory J. E., 1997. Slaves of the machine: The quickening of computer technology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Regan, Clare. 1997. “Some effects of using virtual reality technology,” in Virtual reality, training’s future?: Perspectives on virtual reality and related technologies. Seidel, Robert J., and Paul R. Chatelier, eds. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 77-83.

Resnick, M. 1997. “Thinking like a tree – and other forms of ecological thinking.” Unpublished

Rheingold, Howard. 1990. “What’s the big deal about cyberspace?” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel, B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. 

Robins, Kevin. 1995. “Cyberspace and the world we live in,” in Cyberspace, cyberbodies, cyberpunk: Cultures of technological embodiment. Featherstone, Michael, and Roger Burrows, eds. London: Sage Publications. pp. 135-155.

Robinson, Neil. 1994. “Biomedical virtual environments,” in Interacting with virtual environments. McDonald, L., and J. Vince, eds. New York: Wiley Press. pp. 79-92.

Rosenberg, L., and D. Adelstein. 1993. “Perceptual decomposition of virtual haptic surfaces,” in IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality. 1993. Proceedings of the IEEE 1993 Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality, San Jose, Calif. October 23-26, 1993. Sponsored by IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Computer Graphics in cooperation with ACM and SIGGRAPH. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Society Press. pp.46-53.

Ross-Flanagan, Nancy. 1998. “The virtues and vices of virtual colleagues,” in MIT’s Technology Review, Mar/Apr. pp. 52-59.

Schmitt, Gerhard. 1993. “Virtual reality in architecture,” in Virtual worlds and multimedia. Magnenat Thalmann, N., and D. Thalmann, eds. New York: Wiley Press. pp. 85-96.

Shafto, E., R. Bareiss, and M. Birnbaum. 1992. “A memory architecture for case-based argumentation,” in proceedings of 14th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, July 29-August 1, 1992. pp. 307-311.

Simon, H. A. 1981. The sciences of the artificial. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Smith, Bradford. 1991. “The use of animation to analyze and present information about complex systems,” in Beyond the vision: The technology, research and business of virtual reality. Proceedings of virtual reality 1991 the second annual conference on virtual reality, artificial reality and cyberspace. September 23-25, 1991. Westport Conn.: Meckler Media. pp.190-199.

Smolan, Rick, and Jennifer Erwitt. 1996. 24 hours in Cyberspace: Paintings on the walls of the digital cave. New York: QUE Macmillan Publishing.

Sobchack, Vivian. 1995. “Beating the meat/surviving the text, or how to get out of this century alive,” in 

Cyberspace, cyberbodies, cyberpunk: Cultures of technological embodiment. Featherstone, Michael, and Roger Burrows, eds. London: Sage Publications. pp. 204-214.

Spence, Jonathan D. 1985. The memory palace of Matteo Ricci. London: Faber.

Spencer, C., M. Blades, and K. Morsely. 1995. “The child in the physical environment,” in Geometric representations of perceptual phenomena. Papers in honor of Taro Indo on his 70th birthday. Mawah, N. J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Spoehr, Kathryn T. 1994. “Enhancing the acquisition of conceptual structures through hypermedia,” in Classroom Lessons. McGilly, K., ed. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.

Subotsky, Eugene V. 1996. The child as a Cartesian thinker. East Sussex, U.K.: Psychology Press.

Sugarman, Susan. 1987. Piaget's construction of the child's reality. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sutherland, Ivan. 1963. “Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system.” Proceedings of the spring joint computer conference: 329-346.

Thagard, P., D. Gochfeld, and S. Hardy. 1992. “Visual Analogical Mapping,” in proceedings of 14th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, July 29-August 1, 1992. pp. 522-528.

Todd, S., and W. Latham. 1994, “Interacting with artificial life,” in Interacting with virtual environments. McDonald, L., and J. Vince, eds. New York: Wiley Press. pp. 271-285. 

Toffler, Alvin. 1980. The third wave. New York: Bantam Books.

Tomas, David. 1995. ”Feedback and cybernetics: Reimaging the body in the age of the cyborg,” in Cyberspace, cyberbodies, cyberpunk: Cultures of technological embodiment. Featherstone, Michael, and Roger Burrows, eds. London: Sage Publications. pp. 21-44.

Tuan, Yi-fu. 1974. Topophilia: A study of environmental perception, attitudes, and values. New York: Columbia University Press.

Tufte, Edward R. 1990. Envisioning information. Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press.

Tufte, Edward R. 1983. The visual display of quantitative information. Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press.

Turkle, Sherry. 1996. Life on the screen. New York: Simon and Shuster.

Turkle, Sherry. 1984. The second self: Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon and Shuster.

Uttal, William R. 1988. On seeing forms. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Uttal, W., N. Davis, and C. Welke. 1994. “Stereoscopic perception with brief exposures,” in Perception and Psychophysics, 56(5), pp. 599-604.

Vinge, Vernor. 1981. “True Names,” in Binary Star No. 5, Frenkel, James R, ed. New York: Dell Publishing.
Vurpillot, Eliane. 1976. The visual world of the child. New York: International Universities Press.

Walker, John. 1990. “Through the looking glass,” in The art of human-computer interface design. Laurel, B., ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. 

Walter, Eugene V. 1988. Placeways: A theory of the human environment. Chapel Hill, N. C., and London: University of North Carolina Press.

Wathen-Dunn, Weiant. 1964. Models for the perception of speech and visual form. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Watts, Alan. 1989. The way of Zen. New York: Vintage Books.

Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1956. Language, thought, and reality. New York: The Technology Press and John Wiley and Sons.

Wilson, Rober Rawdon. 1995. “Cyber(body)parts: Prosthetic consciousness,” in Cyberspace, cyberbodies, cyberpunk: Cultures of technological embodiment. Featherstone, Michael, and Roger Burrows, eds. London: Sage Publications. pp. 239-259.

Wurman, Richard Saul. 1996. Information architects. Zurich: Graphis Press Corp.

Zeki, S. 1992. “The visual image in the mind and brain,” in Scientific American, September, pp. 69-76.

Zeltzer, D., Jordan, M. 1994. “Virtual actors in virtual environments,” in Interacting with virtual environments. McDonald, L., and J. Vince, eds. New York: Wiley Press. pp. 229-252.